1. Color: Color is one of the most prominent characteristics of gemstones. Gemstones can have a single color or be multicolored, ranging from transparent to vibrant hues.

2. Hardness: Hardness refers to the stone’s resistance to wear and scratching. Most gemstones are measured for hardness on the Mohs scale.

3. Luster: Luster describes how light is reflected from the surface of the gemstone. Luster can be either bright or dull.

4. Transparency: Some gemstones are entirely transparent, while others are semi-transparent or opaque.

5. Color Play: Some gemstones exhibit color play, showing different colors when viewed from different angles or under varying lighting conditions.

6. Dispersion: Dispersion refers to the ability of the stone to split light into its component colors, creating additional sparkle and color.

7. Carat Weight: Carat weight refers to the stone’s weight and can impact its value. One carat is equivalent to 0.2 grams.

8. Cut: The cut of the stone relates to how it is shaped and faceted, affecting its brilliance and beauty.

9. Origin: Some gemstones can be traced geographically to their source, which can impact their value and quality.

10. Certifications and Grading: There are specific standards for assessing the quality and value of gemstones, and certificates are issued to document these characteristics.

These are characteristics that contribute to distinguishing and appraising gemstones. These characteristics can vary from one stone to another, so choosing a gemstone depends on individual needs and preferences.